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Czesław Miłosz

チェスワフ・ミウォシュ

Czeslaw Milosz

ペンネーム: Jan Syruć（Pseudonym used for clandestine publications in occupied Warsaw (e.g. 1940 poems)）

プロフィール

性別
男性
生誕
1911-06-30 （Šeteniai, Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire (now Kėdainiai district, Lithuania)）
死没
2004-08-14 （Kraków, Poland） 93歳
国籍
Poland, United States
言語
Polish, English, Lithuanian, Russian, French, Hebrew
宗教
Catholicism
居住地歴
Šeteniai (birthplace) → Wilno / Vilnius → Paris (asylum and émigré activity) → Berkeley, California (University of California, Berkeley) → Kraków (later life and death)

経歴

職業
poet, prose writer, professor, translator, diplomat (cultural attaché)
活動期間
1930年〜2004年
所属
Cultural attaché roles for the Polish government (postwar)
所属団体
Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, Foreign member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
影響を受けた人物
Oscar Miłosz (cousin, poet), Lev Shestov, Simone Weil, Fyodor Dostoevsky, William Blake, T. S. Eliot
影響を与えた人物
Seamus Heaney, Robert Pinsky, Robert Hass, Clare Cavanagh, Wisława Szymborska (through translation and curation influence)

学歴

Stefan Batory University (Vilnius)
Faculty of Law / Department of Law
学位: 法学士
期間: 1929–1934
卒業年: 1934
国: Poland (then: Wilno/Vilnius)
Published early poems while a student; member of the Żagary poetry group

受賞歴

Nobel Prize in Literature
1980
主催: Swedish Academy
結果: 受賞
Neustadt International Prize for Literature
1978
主催: Neustadt Prizes / World Literature Today
結果: 受賞
National Medal of Arts
1989
主催: United States government
結果: 受賞
Order of the White Eagle
1994
主催: Republic of Poland
結果: 受章
Nike Award
1998
対象作品: Roadside Dog
主催: Nike Award (Poland)
結果: 受賞
Guggenheim Fellowship
1976
主催: John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
結果: 受賞
Robert Kirsch Award
1990
主催: Los Angeles Times
結果: 受賞
Polish PEN Translation Prize
1974
主催: Polish PEN Club
結果: 受賞
Righteous Among the Nations
1989
主催: Yad Vashem (Israel)
結果: 認定

受賞・候補エディション

作品

代表作

Rescue

1945年 Poetry

A poetry collection focusing on wartime experience, memory, and moral questions; includes frequently anthologized poems such as "A Song on the End of the World" and "Campo dei Fiori."

war and violencehistory and memorymorality and responsibility

The Captive Mind

1953年 Non-fiction (political/essay)

A study of how Stalinism and ideological pressure affect intellectuals; uses case studies to analyze conformity and moral compromise.

critique of totalitarianismresponsibility of intellectualsideology and the individual

A Treatise on Poetry

1957年 Long poem / poetic treatise

A long poem surveying Polish history, wartime experience, and the relationship between art and history; regarded as a major achievement in his oeuvre.

historical consciousnesspoetry and ethicsthe labor of memory

The Issa Valley

1955年 Novel / memoir fiction

A novel/memoir about childhood landscapes and memories; evokes the author's native countryside and family history.

homeland and naturefamily memorytime and maturation

Selected Poems

1973年 Poetry (selected, English translations)

An anthology of poems edited and translated for English-language readers; instrumental in increasing his reputation in the U.S.

translation and receptioninternational dissemination

全著作

  • A Poem on Frozen Time (1933)
  • Three Winters (1936)
  • Poems (1940, clandestine)
  • Rescue (1945)
  • The Captive Mind (1953)
  • A Treatise on Poetry (1957)
  • The Issa Valley (1955)
  • Facing the River (1994)
  • The Second Space (2002)

作家による翻訳

  • Selected Poems by Zbigniew Herbert, translated by Czesław Miłosz and Peter Dale Scott (1968)

作品の翻訳

  • Many poetry collections and essays have been translated into English and numerous other languages

作風・主題

文体
formal range (from long poems to two-line pieces)blend of metaphorical symbolism and philosophical reflectionprecise diction with a historical perspective
頻出モチーフ
violence of history and individual ethicshomeland nature and memoryreligious and metaphysical inquiry

評価・遺産

Regarded as one of the great poets of the 20th century; his Nobel win brought global recognition and reintegration into Poland's literary life. Through poetry, translation, and criticism he significantly promoted Eastern European literature and intellectual debate.

記念館・博物館

  • Czesław Miłosz Birthplace and Conference Centre (Šeteniai) Šeteniai, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania 1992年開館
  • Permanent exhibition at the Palace of the Commonwealth (Warsaw) featuring Miłosz's Nobel medal and papers Warsaw, Poland 2024年開館

関連学会

  • Milosz research centre at Jagiellonian University
  • Vytautas Magnus University (honorary affiliations)

資料所蔵先

  • Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University (Czesław Miłosz papers)

大衆文化への影響

  • Streets and squares named for Miłosz in Paris, Vilnius, Kraków and other cities

引用

  • a writer who "voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"
    出典: Swedish Academy (Nobel Prize citation) (1980年)
  • “My mother tongue, work in my mother tongue, is for me the most important thing in life.”
    出典: Preface to The Captive Mind (1953年)

豆知識

  • Published clandestinely under a pseudonym (Jan Syruć) in occupied Warsaw in 1940.
  • Recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 1989 for helping Jews during WWII.
  • After winning the Nobel Prize in 1980, works long banned in Poland were reintroduced there.