A scholarly study that examines how white intellectuals in nineteenth-century America described Black people from both an intellectual-historical and social-historical perspective. It traces the link between slavery and racial ideas, showing how post-founding debates helped turn prejudice into something systematic.

A history of the Black image produced by white society, read through nineteenth-century discourse.

A research book that follows how nineteenth-century scientific discourse around evolution was converted into arguments for racial hierarchy. It examines the link between scientific certainty and public policy, and shows how discriminatory ideas were reinforced from within scholarship itself.

It traces the moment when evolutionary theory became a rationale for discrimination.

A research book that places slavery inside the political structures of the United States at the founding and examines the systems that sustained and expanded it. It asks, from both constitutional and political-historical angles, how ideals of liberty and equality coexisted with a slaveholding order in practice.

It exposes the structures of slavery hidden behind the ideals of the nation’s founding.

An ambitious book that combines Black history and social psychology to propose a new remedy for America’s racial problem. It clearly links historical change with psychological forces in an effort to reinterpret the structures behind discrimination.

It reconsiders racial conflict through both psychology and history.

An autobiography in which the author, born into the Bafokeng community in South Africa, follows his family history, migration, labor, political activity, and experiences of repression. It goes beyond personal memory to show from within how colonization and urbanization transformed a community.

From one life, the outline of modern South African history emerges.