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Ernest Hemingway

アーネスト・ミラー・ヘミングウェイ

Ernest Miller Hemingway

Pen Names: Ring Lardner Jr.（Used as a byline in high-school newspaper contributions）

Profile

Gender
Male
Born
1899-07-21 （Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.）
Died
1961-07-02 （Ketchum, Idaho, U.S.） age 61
Nationality
United States
Languages
English
Religion
Catholicism Baptized in 1927
Residence History
Oak Park, Illinois (childhood) → Paris, France (expatriate period) → Key West, Florida (1930s) → Havana, Cuba (Finca Vigía) → Sun Valley / Ketchum, Idaho (later years)

Career

Occupations
Novelist, Short-story writer, Journalist
Active Years
1917-1961
Influenced By
Mark Twain, Sherwood Anderson, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, James Joyce
Influenced
J. D. Salinger, Many mid- to late-20th-century American writers influenced by his economical prose

Education

Oak Park and River Forest High School
Period: 1913–1917
Year of Graduation: 1917
Country: United States
After high school he worked briefly as a reporter for The Kansas City Star

Awards

War Merit Cross (Italy)
1918
Organization: Kingdom of Italy (at the time)
Result: 受章
Silver Medal of Military Valor (Italy)
1918
Organization: Kingdom of Italy (at the time)
Result: 受章
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
1953
Work: The Old Man and the Sea
Category: Fiction
Organization: Pulitzer Prize Board
Result: 受賞
Nobel Prize in Literature
1954
Work: For his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea
Organization: The Swedish Academy (Nobel Foundation)
Result: 受賞
Bronze Star
1947
Organization: United States Department of Defense
Result: 受章

Awards & Nominations

Works

Major Works

The Sun Also Rises

1926 Novel (modernist, Lost Generation) 251 pages

A portrait of expatriate Americans and British in Europe after World War I, exploring disillusionment, love and masculinity; set partly in Pamplona during the bullfighting festival.

Lost GenerationMasculinityExpatriationBullfighting
Adaptations
  • [Film] The Sun Also Rises (film) / Henry King (1957)
Translations
  • The Sun Also Rises

A Farewell to Arms

1929 Novel (war novel, love story) 355 pages

A semi-autobiographical novel about love and war set on the Italian front in World War I, dealing with injury, loss and the costs of conflict.

WarLossLoveFate
Adaptations
  • [Film] A Farewell to Arms (film) / Frank Borzage (1932)
Translations
  • A Farewell to Arms

For Whom the Bell Tolls

1940 Novel (war novel) 480 pages

Set during the Spanish Civil War, it follows an American dynamiter attached to Republican guerrillas, exploring duty, sacrifice, love and death.

DutySacrificeLoveDeath
Adaptations
  • [Film] For Whom the Bell Tolls (film) / Sam Wood (1943)
Translations
  • For Whom the Bell Tolls

The Old Man and the Sea

1952 Novella (allegorical tale) 127 pages

An allegorical tale of an aging Cuban fisherman's epic struggle with a giant marlin, exploring honor, perseverance and human dignity.

SolitudeStruggleDignityNature
Adaptations
  • [Film] The Old Man and the Sea (film) / John Sturges (1958)
Translations
  • The Old Man and the Sea

Bibliography

  • Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923)
  • in our time (1924)
  • In Our Time (1925)
  • The Torrents of Spring (1926)
  • The Sun Also Rises (1926)
  • Men Without Women (1927)
  • A Farewell to Arms (1929)
  • Death in the Afternoon (1932)
  • Winner Take Nothing (1933)
  • Green Hills of Africa (1935)
  • To Have and Have Not (1937)
  • The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938)
  • For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
  • Across the River and into the Trees (1950)
  • The Old Man and the Sea (1952)

Adaptations

  • Film adaptation of The Old Man and the Sea (1958)
  • Film adaptation of For Whom the Bell Tolls (1943)

Style & Themes

Literary Style
Economical, understated prose (iceberg theory)Use of simple sentences and dialogue to imply deeper meaning
Recurring Motifs
Nature (hunting, fishing)War and its aftermathDeath and lossMasculinity and ritualsBullfighting

Health

  • Hemochromatosis (diagnosed)
    1961（診断）
    Likely contributed to physical and mental deterioration
  • Repeated head injuries / concussions
    1918–1954（複数回）
    May have exacerbated cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms in later life
  • Heavy alcohol use / probable alcoholism
    生涯を通じて（特に晩年）
    Contributed to worsening health, psychiatric decline, and impaired functioning

Legacy

Left a major legacy in 20th-century American literature through an economical prose style and the iceberg theory; his major works remain widely read and studied, and his life has become a subject of popular and scholarly interest.

Museums

  • Ernest Hemingway Birthplace Museum Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
  • Finca Vigía (museum / historic site) Near Havana, Cuba
  • Hemingway Home (Key West) Key West, Florida, U.S.

Academic Societies

  • The Hemingway Society
  • The Hemingway Foundation

Archives

  • John F. Kennedy Presidential Library (Hemingway papers)
  • Yale Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
  • Various university and public archives (e.g., University of Maryland, NYPL collections)

In Popular Culture

  • Statue of Hemingway at El Floridita in Havana
  • Film and stage adaptations of works such as The Old Man and the Sea

Quotes

  • If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader ... will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.
    Source: Death in the Afternoon (1932)
  • The world breaks everyone and afterward many are strong at the broken places.
    Source: A Farewell to Arms (1929)

Trivia

  • In 1922 Hadley lost a suitcase of his manuscripts at Paris's Gare de Lyon, destroying many early works.
  • Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.